Many children, especially those with learning problems, are burdened with feelings of low self-esteem and resort to the use of ineffective coping strategies to mask their sense of inadequacy. Unfortunately, these youngsters become fixed in the way they respond to a variety of situations, repeating the same self-defeating behaviors over and over again. It is as if they are following a prescribed script with little, if any, room for improvisation.
Adding to the problem is a phenomenon that parents and teachers, attempting to change the “negative script” of the child, often unintentionally develop their own “negative scripts.” It is as if we are watching a play, where the words and behavior of all the “cast members” are set in stone. One can predict that if the child says or does something, the parent will respond in an equally predictable way. In effect, there is no room for change; rather the scripts become increasingly familiar and entrenched. This would not be a problem if the scripts had a more positive tone, but often the scripts perpetuate a negative situation.
It takes two to tango
When such a situation exists, what can we, as parents, teachers, and other professionals who work with children (and especially children with learning and attention problems), do to make positive changes? I have discovered that if strategies for fostering self-esteem, motivation, hope, and resilience in children are to be effective, adults typically must make the first changes in order to create the appropriate climate for youngsters to abandon their negative behaviors.
Unfortunately, many well-meaning adults expect children to take the initial step and alter their behavior. One father said to me, “If I change my expectations, my son will think I’m giving in and take advantage of the situation.” I believe that if adults have the courage to modify the ways in which they have been relating to children, these children will become more cooperative, rather than more manipulative and resistant. For this reason, I use the metaphor “It takes two to tango.” By this I mean, whether or not youngsters with learning and attention problems modify their behavior may have as much to do with our reactions as with the child’s mindset.
As an example, I consulted with teachers about a high school freshman with learning problems who was hyperactive and required time at the beginning of each day to acclimate himself to school. The teachers referred to him as a “roamer” since he never seemed to get to his homeroom on time, preferring instead to roam the halls. They reported that rewards and punishments seemed to have little, if any, impact on his behavior. They also interpreted his behavior as “willful” and “manipulative.”
I empathized with the teachers, but given their continued lack of success in changing his behavior I wondered what they might do differently. I also questioned whether he was being willful, as they assumed, or if in fact, given his hyperactivity, he had a “need” to roam. I asked how we might use his need to roam constructively.
Although at first the teachers felt it was this student’s responsibility to change, I was impressed by their willingness to modify their script. This led to some creative problem solving in which the student was appointed “attendance monitor,” a position that entailed his walking down the hall with a clipboard each morning, a clipboard containing the name of each teacher. The principal informed this boy that it would help the school if he would take attendance of teachers to ensure there was a teacher present in each classroom. This responsibility provided an avenue through which this adolescent could comfortably transition to the school environment each day, enabling him to adjust to the demands of the school. In essence, these adults were willing to change their script first, having the courage to ask what they could do differently. None felt they were “giving in” by taking the first step, a feeling reinforced by this boy’s demonstrating greater success and responsibility in school.
Giving in or creating cooperation?
I especially want to address the issue of “giving in.” If an intervention to motivate students (with learning problems or not) is not working, then it is our responsibility to develop and implement more effective strategies. Last year when I was giving a workshop in Texas, one of the participants laughingly said, “We have an expression for that in Texas. If the horse is dead, get off.” While many may agree with this expression, I continue to attend meetings in schools or clinics in which I hear, “We have been doing this for six months and the child is still not responding. He (or she) is resistant and oppositional.”
I believe in perseverance, but if we have used an intervention for six months with no positive results, I often wonder, “Who are the resistant ones in this scenario?” When asked if youngsters will fail to learn responsibility if adults make the first changes, I answer, “That will only occur if the goals of our changes are not to promote ownership and cooperation in youth.”
Returning to the theme of empathy, I believe empathic adults should always ask two questions when raising or working with children with learning and attention difficulties. They are:
- “In anything I say or do what do I hope to accomplish? What is my goal?”
- “Am I saying or doing it in a way that the child or adolescent will be most likely to listen and respond positively to me?”
As an illustration, many parents and teachers may exhort children with learning problems to “try harder.” Their goal is to motivate these children. However, the comment “try harder” is typically experienced as judgmental and accusatory, often prompting greater anger and less cooperation on the part of the students.
As an alternative, I recommend adults change their script and not utter a comment one can predict in advance which has a high likelihood of being perceived as accusatory. Instead, I suggest adults say to children with learning difficulties that the problem is not they are not trying, but rather the strategies they are using to learn, or the strategies the teachers are using to instruct them, are not proving effective. Although it may seem like a small difference, casting a problem in terms of an ineffective strategy removes the judgmental quality of saying, “Try harder.”
Teachers have told me this modification has led to a more cooperative relationship with students in seeking more productive strategies. Collaborating with students in this way also increases a feeling of ownership which, as attribution theory has shown, is one of the hallmarks of increased self-esteem and confidence, as well as one of the main characteristics of a resilient mindset.
Steps to change negative scripts
Strategies to foster self-esteem, motivation, and resilience in children with learning problems will have a greater probability of success if we change any of our own ineffective scripts. Following are some steps to modify negative scripts that Dr. Sam Goldstein and I describe in our book Raising Resilient Children. I hope they will serve as guidelines as you attempt to modify those scripts that have proved unsuccessful in your relationship with your child, student, or client.
- Accept your responsibility to change. Remember that constructive changes you make will encourage children to make positive changes as well. I am reminded of a school social worker who enlisted five students with behavior and attendance problems to join her on a committee that examined why children do not want to go to school. They developed a questionnaire to answer this question, and their presence on this committee served to decrease their behavior and increase their attendance. This was a far better script than constantly punishing these students.
- Reflect upon what you have done in the past and why it hasn’t worked. Obviously, this is a very important step but one must be careful not to immediately place the blame for the lack of success on the children by saying they are resistant and unmotivated. Instead, parents and teachers must assume an empathic stance by seeing the world through the eyes of the children. In the example noted above involving “Try harder,” a parent might wonder, “If I were having difficulty with a task at work, how would I like it if my boss said, ‘You could do it if you wanted to, just try harder!’?”
- A positive solution begins with a new, possible solution. Once you accept responsibility to make changes and gain an understanding of why previous solutions have been ineffective, you can consider adopting new solutions and scripts. One teacher recognized she was being very critical and punitive with a fifth grade girl with learning problems who often used quitting as a way of coping with the demands of school. We discussed how opportunities had not been created for this girl to display her “islands of competence,” which were her artwork and her ability to relate positively with younger children. When her teacher arranged for some of her drawings to be hung in the school lobby and for the girl to read to a couple of kindergarten children on a weekly basis, her work improved and she was able to give up her reliance on quitting.
- If a solution is ineffective, there is probably another solution in the background. I know parents and teachers who have changed their scripts, but unfortunately their efforts did not result in a change of scripts in the children in their lives. When this occurs, adults often feel children are taking advantage of them and are not willing to accept responsibility for their own behavior. However, I have learned that while a proposed strategy may seem flawless in my office, it may not be effective in the “real” world. It is for this reason that whenever I develop an intervention with a parent or teacher, I always raise the question, “What if it doesn’t work?” I am not doing this to engage in a self-fulfilling prophecy for failure. Rather, I am asking about back-up plans. Just as we want our children not to be discouraged by their mistakes but to think of alternative solutions, so too we must believe we can learn from our failures.
If we subscribe to the belief that our mindset and subsequent actions can lead to positive changes in our children, then we will be better equipped to implement strategies in our classrooms and homes to foster self-esteem, hope, and resilience in children (with learning problems or not). My next article will focus on such strategies in the home environment, while my final article will describe strategies that can be used in our schools.
